Illyrer besiedelten zuerst Bosnien ;)

[Hannibal]

Peinlicher noch ist, dass die Albaner oder Bosnier nichtmal die ersten sind, welche die Illyrer für sich beanspruchen. Die Kroaten waren die ersten


The Illyrian movement (Croatian: Ilirski pokret, Slovene: Ilirsko gibanje) was a pan-South-Slavist cultural and political campaign with roots in the early modern period, and revived by a group of young Croatian intellectuals during the first half of the 19th century, around the years of 1835–1863 (there is some disagreement regarding the official dates from 1835 to 1870).[1] This movement aimed to create a Croatian national establishment in Austria-Hungary through linguistic and ethnic unity, and through it lay the foundation for cultural and linguistic unification of all South Slavs under the revived umbrella term Illyrian.

Aspects of the movement pertaining to the development of Croatian culture are considered in Croatian historiography to be part of the Croatian national revival (Hrvatski narodni preporod).

Illyrian movement - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

 

[Hannibal]

 

[Plavac]

Nicht nur die Griechen behaupten, dass sondern die Universitäten ( keine Dorfschulen wie es sie in Bosnien oder Albanien gibt), die Forschung und die Geschichtsschreibung abseits der griechischen.
Ihr habt außerdem keine richtigen Fakten, zumindest hab ich noch nie solche gesehen.

naja so richtige kredibile Fakten hast du auch nicht gebracht. WIkipedia kann jeder Trottel rein schreiben. Wenn du schon mit Universitäten prahlst. Dann liefere was von einer Uni.

 

[Plavac]

Peinlicher noch ist, dass die Albaner oder Bosnier nichtmal die ersten sind, welche die Illyrer für sich beanspruchen. Die Kroaten waren die ersten


The Illyrian movement (Croatian: Ilirski pokret, Slovene: Ilirsko gibanje) was a pan-South-Slavist cultural and political campaign with roots in the early modern period, and revived by a group of young Croatian intellectuals during the first half of the 19th century, around the years of 1835–1863 (there is some disagreement regarding the official dates from 1835 to 1870).[1] This movement aimed to create a Croatian national establishment in Austria-Hungary through linguistic and ethnic unity, and through it lay the foundation for cultural and linguistic unification of all South Slavs under the revived umbrella term Illyrian.

Aspects of the movement pertaining to the development of Croatian culture are considered in Croatian historiography to be part of the Croatian national revival (Hrvatski narodni preporod).

Illyrian movement - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

schon wieder wikipedia

 

[Plavac]

ich steeeh auch Männer die wisseeeen was sie wolleeeeen und Geschmaaack haaam

wenn du wüsstest was ich gerade will haha

 

[Hannibal]

naja so richtige kredibile Fakten hast du auch nicht gebracht. WIkipedia kann jeder Trottel rein schreiben. Wenn du schon mit Universitäten prahlst. Dann liefere was von einer Uni.

Bei Wikipedia kannst du genau nachverfolgen, woher die Quellen sind und das englische Wikipedia ist sogar sehr renommiert.

Beispiel von "Ancient Macedonians"

References
Footnotes

1. Engels 2010, p. 89; Borza 1995, p. 114; Eugene N. Borza writes that the "highlanders" or "Makedones" of the mountainous regions of western Macedonia are derived from northwest Greek stock; they were akin to those who at an earlier time may have migrated south to become the historical "Dorians".

Citations

• Worthington 2014, Chapter Two: Alexander's Inheritance, p. 10; Zacharia 2008, Simon Hornblower, "Greek Identity in the Archaic and Classical Periods", pp. 55–58; Joint Association of Classical Teachers 1984, pp. 50–51; Errington 1990; Fine 1983, pp. 607–608; Hall 2000, p. 64; Hammond 2001, p. 11; Jones 2001, p. 21; Osborne 2004, p. 127; Hammond 1989, pp. 12–13; Hammond 1993, p. 97; Starr 1991, pp. 260, 367; Toynbee 1981, p. 67; Worthington 2008, pp. 8, 219; Chamoux 2002, p. 8; Cawkwell 1978, p. 22; Perlman 1973, p. 78; Hamilton 1974, Chapter 2: The Macedonian Homeland, p. 23; Bryant 1996, p. 306; O'Brien 1994, p. 25.
• 
  
• Trudgill 2002, p. 125; Theodossiev 2000, pp. 175–209.
• 
  
• Christesen & Murray 2010, p. 428.
• 
  
• B. Joseph (2001): "Ancient Greek". In: J. Garry et al. (eds.) Facts about the World's Major Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present. Online Paper
  
  
• 
  
• Beekes 2009, p. 894.
• 
  
• Harle 1998, p. 24.
• 
  
• Hanson 2012, Ian Worthington, "5. Alexander the Great, Nation Building, and the Creation and Maintenance of Empire", p. 119.
• 
  
• Kristinsson 2010, p. 79.
• 
  
• Kinzl 2010, p. 553.
• 
  
• Adams 2010, pp. 208–211, 216–217; Errington 1990, pp. 117–120, 129, 145–147; Bringmann 2007, p. 61; for a discussion about the Hellenistic period in both the Eastern and Western Mediterranean regions in antiquity, see Prag & Quinn 2013, pp. 1–13.
• 
  
• Olbrycht 2010, pp. 365–367.
• 
  
• Adams 2010, p. 223; Errington 1990, pp. 174, 242; Greenwalt 2010, pp. 289–304.
• 
  
• Adams 2010, pp. 221–224; Errington 1990, pp. 167–174, 179–185;
• 
  
• Errington 1990, pp. 191–216; Eckstein 2010, pp. 231–245; Greenwalt 2010, p. 302; Bringmann 2007, pp. 79–88, 97–99.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, pp. 216–217; Eckstein 2010, p. 245; Greenwalt 2010, p. 304; Bringmann 2007, pp. 99–100.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, pp. 216–217; Eckstein 2010, pp. 246–248; Bringmann 2007, pp. 104–105.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, p. 16; Rhodes 2010, p. 24.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, p. 7 Asirvatham 2010, pp. 101–102, 123.
• 
  
• Homer. Iliad, 14.226.
• 
  
• Strabo. Geography, Book 7 (Fragment 2.
• 
  
• Best & de Vries 1989, R. F. Hoddinott, "Thracians, Mycenaeans and 'The Trojan Question'", p. 64.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 64.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, pp. 7–9; Borza 1982, p. 8.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 84
• 
  
• Vanderpool 1982, Eugene N. Borza, "Athenians, Macedonians, and the Origins of the Macedonian Royal House", p. 7.
• 
  
• On pages 433–434 of "The Position of the Macedonian Dialect", A. Panayotou describes the geographical delimitations of ancient Macedon as encompassing the region from Mount Pindus to the Nestos River, and from Thessaly to Paeonia (the area occupied by the kingdom of Philip II, which preceded the much larger Roman province of the same name).
• 
  
• Hesiod. Catalogue of Women, Fragment 7.
• 
  
• Herodotus. Histories, 1.56.3
  
  : "For these were the most eminent races in ancient time, the second being a Pelasgian and the first a Hellenic race: and the one never migrated from its place in any direction, while the other was very exceedingly given to wanderings; for in the reign of Deucalion this [Hellenic] race dwelt in Pthiotis, and in the time of Doros the son of Hellen in the land lying below Ossa and Olympos, which is called Histiaiotis; and when it was driven from Histiaiotis by the sons of Cadmos, it dwelt in Pindos and was called Makedonian; and thence it moved afterwards to Dryopis, and from Dryopis it came finally to Peloponnesus, and began to be called Dorian"., 8.43.1; Hammond & Griffith 1972, pp. 430–440.
• 
  
• This was but one of several traditions regarding the "Dorian homeland" variously placing it in Phthiotis, Dryopis, Erineos, etc. For the formation of Dorian ethnicity, and its traditions, see chapters 3 and 4 of Johnathan Hall's Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity.
• 
  
• Toynbee 1969, Chapter 3: "What was the Ancestral Language of the Makedones?", pp. 66–77.
• 
  
• Herodotus. Histories, 8.137.8.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 1999.
• 
  
• Hammond & Griffith 1972, pp. 433–434.
• 
  
• Sprawski 2010, pp. 127–128.
• 
  
• Sprawski 2010, p. 129.
• 
  
• Titus Livius, "The History of Rome", 45.9
  
  : "This was the end of the war between the Romans and Perseus, after four years of steady campaigning, and also the end of a kingdom famed over a large part of Europe and all of Asia. They reckoned Perseus as the twentieth after Caranus, who founded the kingdom."
• 
  
• Marcus Velleius Paterculus, "History of Rome", 1.6
  
  : "In this period, sixty-five years before the founding of Rome, Carthage was established by the Tyrian Elissa, by some authors called Dido. About this time also Caranus, a man of royal race, eleventh in descent from Hercules, set out from Argos and seized the kingship of Macedonia. From him Alexander the Great was descended in the seventeenth generation, and could boast that, on his mother's side, he was descended from Achilles, and, on his father's side, from Hercules".
• 
  
• Plutarch, "Alexander", 2.1
  
  : "As for the lineage of Alexander, on his father's side he was a descendant of Heracles through Caranus, and on his mother's side a descendant of Aeacus through Neoptolemus; this is accepted without any question."
• 
  
• Gagarin 2010, "Argeads", p. 229.
• 
  
• Appian. Roman History, 11.63.333.
• 
  
• Sprawski2010, p. 130.
• 
  
• Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary, Argīvus
  
  .
• 
  
• Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon, Ἀργεῖος
  
  .
• 
  
• Argive
  
  , Oxford Dictionaries.
• 
  
• Homer. Iliad, 2.155–175
  
  , 4.8
  
  ; Odyssey, 8.578
  
  , 4.6
  
  .
• 
  
• Herodotus. Histories, 5.22.
• 
  
• Justin, Historiarum Philippicarum, 7.1.7–10: "But Caranus, accompanied by a great multitude of Greeks, having been directed by an oracle to seek a settlement in Macedonia, and having come into Emathia, and followed a flock of goats that were fleeing from a tempest, possessed himself of the city of Edessa, before the inhabitants, on account of the thickness of the rain and mist, were aware of his approach; and being reminded of the oracle, by which he had been ordered 'to seek a kingdom with goats for his guides,' he made this city the seat of his government, and afterwards religiously took care, whithersoever he led his troops, to keep the same goats before his standards, that he might have those animals as leaders in his enterprises which he had had as guides to the site of his kingdom. He changed the name of the city, in commemoration of his good fortune, from Edessa to Aegeae, and called the inhabitants Aegeatae."
• 
  
• Herodotus. Histories, 8.139.
• 
  
• Olbrycht 2010, pp. 343–345.
• 
  
• Herodotus. Histories, 5.17.1–2.
• 
  
• Hammond & Griffith 1972, p. 433.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 82.
• 
  
• Hammond & Griffith 1979, p. 434.
• 
  
• Herodotus. Histories, 7.73, 8.138; Hatzopoulos 2011a, p. 43.
• 
  
• Hammond & Griffith 1972, p. 434; Borza 1992, p. 78.
• 
  
• Hammond & Griffith 1972, p. 434.
• 
  
• Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, 2.99
• 
  
• Hammond & Griffith 1972, pp. 437–438.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 87.
• 
  
• Sprawski 2010, p. 133.
• 
  
• Hammond & Griffith 1979, p. 438.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, pp. 79–80.
• 
  
• Archibald 2010, p. 329.
• 
  
• Sprawski 2010, p. 134.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 70.
• 
  
• Hall 2002, pp. 70–73.
• 
  
• Snodgrass 2000, p. 163.
• 
  
• Brock & Hodkinson 2000, Chapter 12: Zosia Halina Archibald, "Space, Hierarchy, and Community in Archaic and Classical Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace", pp. 222–224.
• 
  
• Hornblower, Matthews & Fraser 2000, Miltiade Hatzopoulos, ""L'histoire par les noms" in Macedonia", p. 112.
• 
  
• Brock & Hodkinson 2000, Chapter 12: Zosia Halina Archibald, "Space, Hierarchy, and Community in Archaic and Classical Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace", p. 215.
• 
  
• Thomas 2010, p. 74.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 1999, p. 464.
• 
  
• Butler 2008, pp. 222–223.
• 
  
• Butler 2008, p. 223.
• 
  
• Whitley 2007, p. 253.
• 
  
• Brock & Hodkinson 2000, Chapter 13: J. K. Davies, "A Wholly Non-Aristotelian Universe: The Molossians as Ethnos, State, and Monarchy", p. 251.
• 
  
• Brock & Hodkinson 2000, Chapter 12: Zosia Halina Archibald, "Space, Hierarchy, and Community in Archaic and Classical Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace", p. 213.
• 
  
• Whitley 2007, p. 233.
• 
  
• Lemos 2002, p. 207.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, p. 19.
• 
  
• Whitley 2007, p. 254.
• 
  
• Olbrycht 2010, p. 345.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011a, pp. 47–48; Errington 1990, p. 7.
• 
  
• Boardman 1982, [Part III: The Balkans and the Aegean] Chapter 15: N. G. L. Hammond, "Illyris, Epirus and Macedonia in the Early Iron Age", pp. 621–624.
• 
  
• "Encyclopædia Britannica – Hellenism in Macedonia"
  
  ..
• 
  
• Iordanidis, Garcia-Guinea & Karamitrou-Mentessidi 2007, pp. 1796–1807.
• 
  
• Karamitrou-Mentessidi 2007.
• 
  
• Brock & Hodkinson 2000, Chapter 12: Zosia Halina Archibald, "Space, Hierarchy, and Community in Archaic and Classical Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace", p. 212.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, p. 8.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011a, pp. 47–48; for a specific example of land reclamation near Amphipolis during the reign of Alexander the Great, see Hammond & Walbank 2001, p. 31.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011a, p. 48; Errington 1990, pp. 7–8; 222–223.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011a, p. 48.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, p. 10.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, pp. 10–11.
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 92.
• 
  
• Hammond & Walbank 2001, pp. 12–13.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, pp. 9–10.
• 
  
• King 2010, pp. 374–375.
• 
  
• King 2010, pp. 376–377.
• 
  
• Horejs 2007.
• 
  
• Hammond & Griffith 1972, pp. 420–426; Snodgrass 2000, p. 257.
• 
  
• Snodgrass 2000, p. 253.
• 
  
• Boardman 1982, [Part III: The Balkans and the Aegean] Chapter 15: N.G.L. Hammond, "Illyris, Epirus and Macedonia in the Early Iron Age", pp. 644–650.
• 
  
• Brock & Hodkinson 2000, Chapter 12: Zosia Halina Archibald, "Space, Hierarchy, and Community in Archaic and Classical Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace", p. 217.
• 
  
• Wilkes 1995, pp. 104–107.
• 
  
• Whitley 2007, p. 243.
• 
  
• Brock & Hodkinson 2000, Chapter 12: Zosia Halina Archibald, "Space, Hierarchy, and Community in Archaic and Classical Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace", pp. 223–224.
• 
  
• Sansone 2017, p. 223.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, pp. 17–18.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, pp. 225–226.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, p. 226.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, pp. 226–227.
• 
  
• Christesen & Murray 2010, p. 430.
• 
  
• Christesen & Murray 2010, p. 431.
• 
  
• Cook, Adcock & Charlesworth 1928, pp. 197–198; Sakellariou 1992, p. 60.
• 
  
• Graninger 2010, pp. 323–324.
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 97.
• 
  
• Christesen & Murray 2010, p. 434.
• 
  
• Christesen & Murray 2010, p. 429.
• 
  
• Fisher & Wees 1998, p. 51; Archibald 2010, p. 340.
• 
  
• Whitley 2007, pp. 254–255.
• 
  
• Christesen & Murray 2010, pp. 439–440.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, pp. 257–260; see also Hammond & Walbank 2001, pp. 5–7 for further details.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, pp. 259–260; see also Hammond & Walbank 2001, pp. 5–6 for further details.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, pp. 257, 260–261.
• 
  
• Sansone 2017, p. 224; Hammond & Walbank 2001, p. 6;
  Rosella Lorenzi (10 October 2014). "Remains of Alexander the Great's Father Confirmed Found: King Philip II's bones are buried in a tomb along with a mysterious woman-warrior
  
  ." Seeker. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 257.
• 
  
• Sansone 2017, pp. 224–225.
• 
  
• Kate Müser (9 September 2014). "Greece's largest ancient tomb: Amphipolis"
  
  . www.dw.de. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 10 September 2014..
• 
  
• Andrew Marszal (7 September 2014). "Marble female figurines unearthed in vast Alexander the Great-era Greek tomb"
  
  . The Daily Telegraph..
• 
  
• Papapostolou, Anastasios. (30 September 2015). "Hephaestion's Monogram Found at Amphipolis Tomb
  
  ." Greek Reporter. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
• 
  
• Worthington 2012, p. 319.
• 
  
• Worthington 2014, p. 180; Sansone 2017, p. 228.
• 
  
• Worthington 2012, p. 319; Worthington 2014, pp. 180–183.
• 
  
• Worthington 2012, p. 319; Worthington 2014, pp. 182–183.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, pp. 219–220.
• 
  
• Hardiman 2010, p. 515.
• 
  
• Hardiman 2010, pp. 515–517.
• 
  
• Hardiman 2010, p. 517.
• 
  
• Head 2016, pp. 12–13; Piening 2013, pp. 1182.
• 
  
• Head 2016, p. 13; Aldrete, Bartell & Aldrete 2013, p. 49.
• 
  
• Olga Palagia (2000). "Hephaestion's Pyre and the Royal Hunt of Alexander," in A.B. Bosworth and E.J. Baynham (eds), Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-815287-3, p. 185.
• 
  
• Hardiman 2010, p. 518.
• 
  
• Cohen 2010, pp. 13–34.
• 
  
• Müller 2010, p. 182.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, p. 224.
• 
  
• Worthington 2014, p. 186.
• 
  
• Worthington 2014, p. 185.
• 
  
• Worthington 2014, pp. 185–186.
• 
  
• Worthington 2014, pp. 183, 186.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011b, p. 58; Roisman 2010, p. 154; Errington 1990, pp. 223–224.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011b, pp. 58–59; see also Errington 1990, p. 224 for further details.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011b, pp. 59; Sansone 2017, p. 223; Roisman 2010, p. 157.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011b, pp. 59.
• 
  
• Chroust 2016, p. 137.
• 
  
• Rhodes 2010, p. 23.
• 
  
• Rhodes 2010, pp. 23–25; see also Errington 1990, p. 224 for further details.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, pp. 224–225;
  For Marsyas of Pella, see also Hammond & Walbank 2001, p. 27 for further details.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, p. 225.
• 
  
• Badian 1982, p. 34, Anson 2010, p. 16; Sansone 2017, pp. 222–223.
• 
  
• Nawotka 2010, p. 2.
• 
  
• Sawada 2010, p. 403.
• 
  
• Cohen 2010, p. 28.
• 
  
• Dalby 1997, p. 157.
• 
  
• Dalby 1997, pp. 155–156.
• 
  
• Dalby 1997, p. 156.
• 
  
• Dalby 1997, pp. 156–157.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, p. 10; Cohen 2010, p. 28.
• 
  
• Sawada 2010, pp. 392–408.
• 
  
• Sawada 2010, p. 394.
• 
  
• There were Dorian and Euboean colonies, as well as tribal ethne speaking Greek, Illyrian, Thracian, Paeonian, Brygian, etc.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 92.
• 
  
• Christidēs, Arapopoulou & Chritē 2007, Chapter 6: A. Panayotou, "The Position of the Macedonian Dialect", p. 433.
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 96.
• 
  
• Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 161.
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 94.
• 
  
• Jones 2006, pp. 33–34.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, p. 20.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 93.
• 
  
• Voutiras 1998, p. 25.
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 95.
• 
  
• Masson & Dubois 2000, p. 292: "... "Macedonian Language" de l'Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1996, p. 906.
• 
  
• Masson 1996, "Macedonian Language", pp. 905–906.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011a, pp. 43–45.
• 
  
• Worthington 2003, p. 20.
• 
  
• Christidēs, Arapopoulou & Chritē 2007, Chapter 6: A. Panayotou, "The Position of the Macedonian Dialect", pp. 431–433.
• 
  
• Hornblower, Matthews & Fraser 2000, Miltiade Hatzopoulos, ""L'histoire par les noms" in Macedonia", p. 111.
• 
  
• It is difficult to distinguish between words which are truly common between Macedonian and Greek from cognates and loanwords.
• 
  
• Boardman 1982, Chapter 20c: R. A. Crossland, "Linguistic Problems of the Balkan Areya in Late Prehistoric and Early Classical Periods", p. 846.
• 
  
• Woodard 2008b, p. 11.
• 
  
• Boardman 1982, Chapter 20c: R. A. Crossland, "Linguistic Problems of the Balkan Area in Late Prehistoric and Early Classical Periods", pp. 846–847.
• 
  
• Personal names, names of gods and months, and phonological features. Refer to: Christidēs, Arapopoulou & Chritē 2007, Chapter 6: A. Panayotou, "The Position of the Macedonian Dialect", pp. 438–439.
• 
  
• Finkelberg 2005, p. 121.
• 
  
• Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", pp. 163–165.
• 
  
• Hornblower, Matthews & Fraser 2000, Miltiade Hatzopoulos, ""L'histoire par les noms" in Macedonia", p. 115.
• 
  
• Christidēs, Arapopoulou & Chritē 2007, Chapter 6: A. Panayotou, "The Position of the Macedonian Dialect", p. 439.
• 
  
• Specifically, a hybridized language incorporating Brygian, Northwest Greek and Thessalian.
• 
  
• Papazoglou 1977, pp. 65–83.
• 
  
• Woodard 2008a, Chapter 8: Claude Brixhe, "Phrygian", p. 72.
• 
  
• Georgiev 1981, pp. 170, 360.
• 
  
• Garrett 1999, pp. 146–156.
• 
  
• Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", pp. 161–163.
• 
  
• Borza 1999, pp. 42–43.
• 
  
• Barr-Sharrar & Borza 1982, E. Badian, "Greeks and Macedonians", p. 41.
• 
  
• Papazoglou 2000, pp. 771–777.
• 
  
• Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, 3.94
  
  .
• 
  
• Plato. Protagoras, 341c
  
  .
• 
  
• Aeschines. Against Ctesiphon, 3.72
  
  .
• 
  
• Livy. The History of Rome, 45.29.3
  
  .
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 5.
• 
  
• Badian 1982, p. 51, n. 72; Johannes Engels comes to a similar conclusion. See: Engels 2010, p. 82.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, p. 7.
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 85.
• 
  
• Cartledge 2011, Chapter 4: Argos, p. 23..
• 
  
• Herodotus. Histories, 5.22; Engels 2010, pp. 92–93.
• 
  
• Asirvatham 2010, p. 101.
• 
  
• Barr-Sharrar & Borza 1982, E. Badian, "Greeks and Macedonians", p. 34.
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 93.
• 
  
• Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon, φιλέλλην
  
  .
• 
  
• cf. Plato. Republic, 5.470e
  
  ; Xenophon. Agesilaus, 7.4
  
  (in Greek).
• 
  
• Hall 2002, p. 156.
• 
  
• Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 169; Engels 2010, p. 91.
• 
  
• Malkin 1998, p. 140.
• 
  
• Asirvatham 2010, p. 103.
• 
  
• Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 160.
• 
  
• Demosthenes Third Philippic, 9.31
  
  
• 
  
• Hammond 1991.
• 
  
• Barr-Sharrar & Borza 1982, E. Badian, "Greeks and Macedonians", p. 42.
• 
  
• Demosthenes, Against Meidias, Speeches, 21.150
  
  : "And yet, though he has thus become the possessor of privileges to which he has no claim, and has found a fatherland which is reputed to be of all states the most firmly based upon its laws, he seems utterly unable to submit to those laws or abide by them. His true, native barbarism and hatred of religion drive him on by force and betray the fact that he treats his present rights as if they were not his own—as indeed they are not."
• 
  
• Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists, 8.42: "And when he was asked again, according to the account given by Hegesander, which were the greatest barbarians, the Boetians or the Thessalians, he said, 'the Eleans'.".
• 
  
• MacDowell 2009, 13: War and Defeat.
• 
  
• Isocrates. Philippus, 32–34 and 76–77; Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", pp. 159–160.
• 
  
• Isocrates. To Philip, 5.127: "Therefore, since the others are so lacking in spirit, I think it is opportune for you to head the war against the King; and, while it is only natural for the other descendants of Heracles, and for men who are under the bonds of their polities and laws, to cleave fondly to that state in which they happen to dwell, it is your privilege, as one who has been blessed with untrammelled freedom, to consider all Hellas your fatherland, as did the founder of your race, and to be as ready to brave perils for her sake as for the things about which you are personally most concerned."
• 
  
• Demosthenes, Philip's Letter to Athenians, Speeches, 12.6
  
  : "This is the most amazing exploit of all; for, before the king reduced Egypt and Phoenicia, you passed a decree calling on me to make common cause with the rest of the Greeks against him, in case he attempted to interfere with us".
• 
  
• Worthington 2003, Chapter 2: N.G.L. Hammond, "The Language of the Macedonians", p. 20.
• 
  
• Hall 2002, p. 165; Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 169.
• 
  
• Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 169.
• 
  
• Daskalakis 1965, pp. 12–13.
• 
  
• Hall 2002, p. 165.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, p. 15.
• 
  
• Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 170.
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 84.
• 
  
• Herodotus. The Histories, 5.20.4
  
  .
• 
  
• Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 171.
• 
  
• Herodotus. Histories, 1.56.2–3.
• 
  
• Herodotus. Histories, 8.43
  
  .
• 
  
• Hammond & Griffith 1972, pp. 429–430. Hammond states that Pelagonia might have been initially called Argestia.
• 
  
• Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", pp. 171–172.
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 85.
• 
  
• Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, 4.124.1
  
  .
• 
  
• Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, 4.125.1
  
  .
• 
  
• Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, 4.126.3; Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 160.
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 88.
• 
  
• Strabo. Geography, Book 7, Fragment 9
  
  .
• 
  
• Strabo. Geography, 10.2.23
  
  .
• 
  
• Pausanias. Description of Greece, 10.8.2–4
  
  .
• 
  
• Pausanias. Description of Greece, 9.40.8–9
  
  : "The Macedonians say that Caranus, king of Macedonia, overcame in battle Cisseus, a chieftain in a bordering country. For his victory Caranus set up a trophy after the Argive fashion, but it is said to have been upset by a lion from Olympus, which then vanished. Caranus, they assert, realized that it was a mistaken policy to incur the undying hatred of the non-Greeks dwelling around, and so, they say, the rule was adopted that no king of Macedonia, neither Caranus himself nor any of his successors, should set up trophies, if they were ever to gain the good-will of their neighbors. This story is confirmed by the fact that Alexander set up no trophies, neither for his victory over Dareius nor for those he won in India."
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 87; Olbrycht 2010, pp. 343–344.
• 
  
• Isocrates. Philippos, 107–108; Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 169.
• 
  
• Barr-Sharrar & Borza 1982, E. Badian, "Greeks and Macedonians", p. 34.
• 
  
• Aeschines. On the Embassy, 2.32
  
  .
• 
  
• Barr-Sharrar & Borza 1982, E. Badian, "Greeks and Macedonians", p. 43.
• 
  
• Asirvatham 2010, p. 104.
• 
  
• Diodorus Siculus. Historical Library, 17.3.
• 
  
• IG 2 448.58-50, SIG 317.6–19.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011b, pp. 69–70.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011b, pp. 68–69, 73.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, p. 18.
• 
  
• Polybius. Histories, 9.37
  
  .
• 
  
• Polybius. Histories, 9.35
  
  .
• 
  
• Polybius. Histories, 7.9
  
  .
• 
  
• Polybius. Histories, 18.4.8.
• 
  
• Livy. History of Rome, 31.29.15
  
  .
• 
  
• Arrian. Anabasis Alexandri, 1.16.7, 2.7.4, 2.14.4.
• 
  
• Strabo. Geography, 7.7.1.
• 
  
• Plutarch. Moralia: On the Fortune of Alexander, I, 329b
  
  .
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011b, pp. 70–71.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011b, p. 74.
• 
  
• Darius I, DNa inscription, Line 29
  
  
• 
  
• Adams 2010, pp. 343–344
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 87.
• 
  
• Kinzl 2010, Robert Rollinger, "The Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond", p. 205.
• 
  
• Worthington 2008.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011b, pp. 69–71.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011b, pp. 52, 71–72; Johannes Engels comes to a similar conclusion about the comparison between Macedonians and Epirotes, saying that the "Greekness" of the Epirotes, despite them not being considered as refined as southern Greeks, never came into question. Engels suggests this perhaps because the Epirotes did not try to dominate the Greek world as Philip II of Macedon had done. See: Engels 2010, pp. 83–84.
• 
  
• Sakellariou 1983, pp. 52.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, pp. 3–4.
• 
  
• Champion 2004, p. 41.
• 
  
• Danforth 1997, p. 169.
• 
  
• Barr-Sharrar & Borza 1982, E. Badian, "Greeks and Macedonians", p. 47.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 96.
• 
  
• Badian, Wallace & Harris 1996, Peter Green, "The Metamorphosis of the Barbarian: Athenian Panhellenism in a Changing World", p. 24.
• 
  
• Isaac 2004, p. 113.
• 
  
• O'Neil 2003, pp. 510–522.
• 
  
• Sansone 2017, Chapter 11: "The Transformation of the Greek World in the Fourth Century" (Section: "Philip II of Macedon and the Conquest of Greece").
• 
  
• Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 172.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 306.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 78.
• 
  
• Worthington 2014, Chapter Two: Alexander's Inheritance, p. 10.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, pp. 14–17.
• 
  
• Boardman, John; Griffin, Jasper; Murray, Oswyn, eds. (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World. Oxford University Pres. p. 148.
• 
  
• Polybius, Histories, 9.37.7: "τότε μὲν γὰρ ὑπὲρ ἡγεμονίας καὶ δόξης ἐφιλοτιμεῖσθε πρὸς Ἀχαιοὺς καὶ Μακεδόνας ὁμοφύλους καὶ τὸν τούτων ἡγεμόνα Φίλιππον."
• 
  
• Woodard 2010, pp. 9–10; Johannes Engels also discusses this ambiguity in ancient sources. See: Engels 2010, pp. 83–89.

1. J. King, Carol (28 July 2017). Ancient Macedonia. Routledge. ISBN 9780415827287. Allowing that there were living in ancient Macedonia throughout the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods people who were Greek, people who were akin to Greeks, and people who were not Greek, if one seeks historical truth about an ancient people who have left no definitive record, one may have to let go of the hope for a definitive answer. The ancient Greeks themselves differentiated between “Greeks” and “Macedonians,” and if the difference was not one of written language, then it ought to be constructive to consider what factors did differentiate the Macedonians—in the opinion of ancient Greeks.

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  .

 

[Hannibal]

Ich musste sogar die Quellenanzahl kürzen.
Bei jedem Wikipediaartikel den ich gepostet habe, sind im Anhang Quellen aus Universitäten zu finde.
Jeder Satz selbst ist angegeben, aus welche Quelle er kommt.
WIe kann man so debil sein und nicht verstehen wie Wikipedia funktioniert

 

[Plavac]

Weil bei Wikipedi jeder Penner rein schreiben kann, ist dasselbe wie mit den Serben. Traue beiden nicht.

 

[yuri]

Bei Wikipedia kannst du genau nachverfolgen, woher die Quellen sind und das englische Wikipedia ist sogar sehr renommiert.

Beispiel von "Ancient Macedonians"

References
Footnotes

1. 
   
2. Engels 2010, p. 89; Borza 1995, p. 114; Eugene N. Borza writes that the "highlanders" or "Makedones" of the mountainous regions of western Macedonia are derived from northwest Greek stock; they were akin to those who at an earlier time may have migrated south to become the historical "Dorians".

Citations

• Worthington 2014, Chapter Two: Alexander's Inheritance, p. 10; Zacharia 2008, Simon Hornblower, "Greek Identity in the Archaic and Classical Periods", pp. 55–58; Joint Association of Classical Teachers 1984, pp. 50–51; Errington 1990; Fine 1983, pp. 607–608; Hall 2000, p. 64; Hammond 2001, p. 11; Jones 2001, p. 21; Osborne 2004, p. 127; Hammond 1989, pp. 12–13; Hammond 1993, p. 97; Starr 1991, pp. 260, 367; Toynbee 1981, p. 67; Worthington 2008, pp. 8, 219; Chamoux 2002, p. 8; Cawkwell 1978, p. 22; Perlman 1973, p. 78; Hamilton 1974, Chapter 2: The Macedonian Homeland, p. 23; Bryant 1996, p. 306; O'Brien 1994, p. 25.
• 
  
• Trudgill 2002, p. 125; Theodossiev 2000, pp. 175–209.
• 
  
• Christesen & Murray 2010, p. 428.
• 
  
• B. Joseph (2001): "Ancient Greek". In: J. Garry et al. (eds.) Facts about the World's Major Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present. Online Paper
  
  
• 
  
• Beekes 2009, p. 894.
• 
  
• Harle 1998, p. 24.
• 
  
• Hanson 2012, Ian Worthington, "5. Alexander the Great, Nation Building, and the Creation and Maintenance of Empire", p. 119.
• 
  
• Kristinsson 2010, p. 79.
• 
  
• Kinzl 2010, p. 553.
• 
  
• Adams 2010, pp. 208–211, 216–217; Errington 1990, pp. 117–120, 129, 145–147; Bringmann 2007, p. 61; for a discussion about the Hellenistic period in both the Eastern and Western Mediterranean regions in antiquity, see Prag & Quinn 2013, pp. 1–13.
• 
  
• Olbrycht 2010, pp. 365–367.
• 
  
• Adams 2010, p. 223; Errington 1990, pp. 174, 242; Greenwalt 2010, pp. 289–304.
• 
  
• Adams 2010, pp. 221–224; Errington 1990, pp. 167–174, 179–185;
• 
  
• Errington 1990, pp. 191–216; Eckstein 2010, pp. 231–245; Greenwalt 2010, p. 302; Bringmann 2007, pp. 79–88, 97–99.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, pp. 216–217; Eckstein 2010, p. 245; Greenwalt 2010, p. 304; Bringmann 2007, pp. 99–100.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, pp. 216–217; Eckstein 2010, pp. 246–248; Bringmann 2007, pp. 104–105.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, p. 16; Rhodes 2010, p. 24.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, p. 7 Asirvatham 2010, pp. 101–102, 123.
• 
  
• Homer. Iliad, 14.226.
• 
  
• Strabo. Geography, Book 7 (Fragment 2.
• 
  
• Best & de Vries 1989, R. F. Hoddinott, "Thracians, Mycenaeans and 'The Trojan Question'", p. 64.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 64.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, pp. 7–9; Borza 1982, p. 8.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 84
• 
  
• Vanderpool 1982, Eugene N. Borza, "Athenians, Macedonians, and the Origins of the Macedonian Royal House", p. 7.
• 
  
• On pages 433–434 of "The Position of the Macedonian Dialect", A. Panayotou describes the geographical delimitations of ancient Macedon as encompassing the region from Mount Pindus to the Nestos River, and from Thessaly to Paeonia (the area occupied by the kingdom of Philip II, which preceded the much larger Roman province of the same name).
• 
  
• Hesiod. Catalogue of Women, Fragment 7.
• 
  
• Herodotus. Histories, 1.56.3
  
  : "For these were the most eminent races in ancient time, the second being a Pelasgian and the first a Hellenic race: and the one never migrated from its place in any direction, while the other was very exceedingly given to wanderings; for in the reign of Deucalion this [Hellenic] race dwelt in Pthiotis, and in the time of Doros the son of Hellen in the land lying below Ossa and Olympos, which is called Histiaiotis; and when it was driven from Histiaiotis by the sons of Cadmos, it dwelt in Pindos and was called Makedonian; and thence it moved afterwards to Dryopis, and from Dryopis it came finally to Peloponnesus, and began to be called Dorian"., 8.43.1; Hammond & Griffith 1972, pp. 430–440.
• 
  
• This was but one of several traditions regarding the "Dorian homeland" variously placing it in Phthiotis, Dryopis, Erineos, etc. For the formation of Dorian ethnicity, and its traditions, see chapters 3 and 4 of Johnathan Hall's Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity.
• 
  
• Toynbee 1969, Chapter 3: "What was the Ancestral Language of the Makedones?", pp. 66–77.
• 
  
• Herodotus. Histories, 8.137.8.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 1999.
• 
  
• Hammond & Griffith 1972, pp. 433–434.
• 
  
• Sprawski 2010, pp. 127–128.
• 
  
• Sprawski 2010, p. 129.
• 
  
• Titus Livius, "The History of Rome", 45.9
  
  : "This was the end of the war between the Romans and Perseus, after four years of steady campaigning, and also the end of a kingdom famed over a large part of Europe and all of Asia. They reckoned Perseus as the twentieth after Caranus, who founded the kingdom."
• 
  
• Marcus Velleius Paterculus, "History of Rome", 1.6
  
  : "In this period, sixty-five years before the founding of Rome, Carthage was established by the Tyrian Elissa, by some authors called Dido. About this time also Caranus, a man of royal race, eleventh in descent from Hercules, set out from Argos and seized the kingship of Macedonia. From him Alexander the Great was descended in the seventeenth generation, and could boast that, on his mother's side, he was descended from Achilles, and, on his father's side, from Hercules".
• 
  
• Plutarch, "Alexander", 2.1
  
  : "As for the lineage of Alexander, on his father's side he was a descendant of Heracles through Caranus, and on his mother's side a descendant of Aeacus through Neoptolemus; this is accepted without any question."
• 
  
• Gagarin 2010, "Argeads", p. 229.
• 
  
• Appian. Roman History, 11.63.333.
• 
  
• Sprawski2010, p. 130.
• 
  
• Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary, Argīvus
  
  .
• 
  
• Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon, Ἀργεῖος
  
  .
• 
  
• Argive
  
  , Oxford Dictionaries.
• 
  
• Homer. Iliad, 2.155–175
  
  , 4.8
  
  ; Odyssey, 8.578
  
  , 4.6
  
  .
• 
  
• Herodotus. Histories, 5.22.
• 
  
• Justin, Historiarum Philippicarum, 7.1.7–10: "But Caranus, accompanied by a great multitude of Greeks, having been directed by an oracle to seek a settlement in Macedonia, and having come into Emathia, and followed a flock of goats that were fleeing from a tempest, possessed himself of the city of Edessa, before the inhabitants, on account of the thickness of the rain and mist, were aware of his approach; and being reminded of the oracle, by which he had been ordered 'to seek a kingdom with goats for his guides,' he made this city the seat of his government, and afterwards religiously took care, whithersoever he led his troops, to keep the same goats before his standards, that he might have those animals as leaders in his enterprises which he had had as guides to the site of his kingdom. He changed the name of the city, in commemoration of his good fortune, from Edessa to Aegeae, and called the inhabitants Aegeatae."
• 
  
• Herodotus. Histories, 8.139.
• 
  
• Olbrycht 2010, pp. 343–345.
• 
  
• Herodotus. Histories, 5.17.1–2.
• 
  
• Hammond & Griffith 1972, p. 433.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 82.
• 
  
• Hammond & Griffith 1979, p. 434.
• 
  
• Herodotus. Histories, 7.73, 8.138; Hatzopoulos 2011a, p. 43.
• 
  
• Hammond & Griffith 1972, p. 434; Borza 1992, p. 78.
• 
  
• Hammond & Griffith 1972, p. 434.
• 
  
• Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, 2.99
• 
  
• Hammond & Griffith 1972, pp. 437–438.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 87.
• 
  
• Sprawski 2010, p. 133.
• 
  
• Hammond & Griffith 1979, p. 438.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, pp. 79–80.
• 
  
• Archibald 2010, p. 329.
• 
  
• Sprawski 2010, p. 134.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 70.
• 
  
• Hall 2002, pp. 70–73.
• 
  
• Snodgrass 2000, p. 163.
• 
  
• Brock & Hodkinson 2000, Chapter 12: Zosia Halina Archibald, "Space, Hierarchy, and Community in Archaic and Classical Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace", pp. 222–224.
• 
  
• Hornblower, Matthews & Fraser 2000, Miltiade Hatzopoulos, ""L'histoire par les noms" in Macedonia", p. 112.
• 
  
• Brock & Hodkinson 2000, Chapter 12: Zosia Halina Archibald, "Space, Hierarchy, and Community in Archaic and Classical Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace", p. 215.
• 
  
• Thomas 2010, p. 74.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 1999, p. 464.
• 
  
• Butler 2008, pp. 222–223.
• 
  
• Butler 2008, p. 223.
• 
  
• Whitley 2007, p. 253.
• 
  
• Brock & Hodkinson 2000, Chapter 13: J. K. Davies, "A Wholly Non-Aristotelian Universe: The Molossians as Ethnos, State, and Monarchy", p. 251.
• 
  
• Brock & Hodkinson 2000, Chapter 12: Zosia Halina Archibald, "Space, Hierarchy, and Community in Archaic and Classical Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace", p. 213.
• 
  
• Whitley 2007, p. 233.
• 
  
• Lemos 2002, p. 207.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, p. 19.
• 
  
• Whitley 2007, p. 254.
• 
  
• Olbrycht 2010, p. 345.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011a, pp. 47–48; Errington 1990, p. 7.
• 
  
• Boardman 1982, [Part III: The Balkans and the Aegean] Chapter 15: N. G. L. Hammond, "Illyris, Epirus and Macedonia in the Early Iron Age", pp. 621–624.
• 
  
• "Encyclopædia Britannica – Hellenism in Macedonia"
  
  ..
• 
  
• Iordanidis, Garcia-Guinea & Karamitrou-Mentessidi 2007, pp. 1796–1807.
• 
  
• Karamitrou-Mentessidi 2007.
• 
  
• Brock & Hodkinson 2000, Chapter 12: Zosia Halina Archibald, "Space, Hierarchy, and Community in Archaic and Classical Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace", p. 212.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, p. 8.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011a, pp. 47–48; for a specific example of land reclamation near Amphipolis during the reign of Alexander the Great, see Hammond & Walbank 2001, p. 31.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011a, p. 48; Errington 1990, pp. 7–8; 222–223.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011a, p. 48.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, p. 10.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, pp. 10–11.
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 92.
• 
  
• Hammond & Walbank 2001, pp. 12–13.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, pp. 9–10.
• 
  
• King 2010, pp. 374–375.
• 
  
• King 2010, pp. 376–377.
• 
  
• Horejs 2007.
• 
  
• Hammond & Griffith 1972, pp. 420–426; Snodgrass 2000, p. 257.
• 
  
• Snodgrass 2000, p. 253.
• 
  
• Boardman 1982, [Part III: The Balkans and the Aegean] Chapter 15: N.G.L. Hammond, "Illyris, Epirus and Macedonia in the Early Iron Age", pp. 644–650.
• 
  
• Brock & Hodkinson 2000, Chapter 12: Zosia Halina Archibald, "Space, Hierarchy, and Community in Archaic and Classical Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace", p. 217.
• 
  
• Wilkes 1995, pp. 104–107.
• 
  
• Whitley 2007, p. 243.
• 
  
• Brock & Hodkinson 2000, Chapter 12: Zosia Halina Archibald, "Space, Hierarchy, and Community in Archaic and Classical Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace", pp. 223–224.
• 
  
• Sansone 2017, p. 223.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, pp. 17–18.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, pp. 225–226.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, p. 226.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, pp. 226–227.
• 
  
• Christesen & Murray 2010, p. 430.
• 
  
• Christesen & Murray 2010, p. 431.
• 
  
• Cook, Adcock & Charlesworth 1928, pp. 197–198; Sakellariou 1992, p. 60.
• 
  
• Graninger 2010, pp. 323–324.
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 97.
• 
  
• Christesen & Murray 2010, p. 434.
• 
  
• Christesen & Murray 2010, p. 429.
• 
  
• Fisher & Wees 1998, p. 51; Archibald 2010, p. 340.
• 
  
• Whitley 2007, pp. 254–255.
• 
  
• Christesen & Murray 2010, pp. 439–440.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, pp. 257–260; see also Hammond & Walbank 2001, pp. 5–7 for further details.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, pp. 259–260; see also Hammond & Walbank 2001, pp. 5–6 for further details.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, pp. 257, 260–261.
• 
  
• Sansone 2017, p. 224; Hammond & Walbank 2001, p. 6;
  Rosella Lorenzi (10 October 2014). "Remains of Alexander the Great's Father Confirmed Found: King Philip II's bones are buried in a tomb along with a mysterious woman-warrior
  
  ." Seeker. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 257.
• 
  
• Sansone 2017, pp. 224–225.
• 
  
• Kate Müser (9 September 2014). "Greece's largest ancient tomb: Amphipolis"
  
  . www.dw.de. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 10 September 2014..
• 
  
• Andrew Marszal (7 September 2014). "Marble female figurines unearthed in vast Alexander the Great-era Greek tomb"
  
  . The Daily Telegraph..
• 
  
• Papapostolou, Anastasios. (30 September 2015). "Hephaestion's Monogram Found at Amphipolis Tomb
  
  ." Greek Reporter. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
• 
  
• Worthington 2012, p. 319.
• 
  
• Worthington 2014, p. 180; Sansone 2017, p. 228.
• 
  
• Worthington 2012, p. 319; Worthington 2014, pp. 180–183.
• 
  
• Worthington 2012, p. 319; Worthington 2014, pp. 182–183.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, pp. 219–220.
• 
  
• Hardiman 2010, p. 515.
• 
  
• Hardiman 2010, pp. 515–517.
• 
  
• Hardiman 2010, p. 517.
• 
  
• Head 2016, pp. 12–13; Piening 2013, pp. 1182.
• 
  
• Head 2016, p. 13; Aldrete, Bartell & Aldrete 2013, p. 49.
• 
  
• Olga Palagia (2000). "Hephaestion's Pyre and the Royal Hunt of Alexander," in A.B. Bosworth and E.J. Baynham (eds), Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-815287-3, p. 185.
• 
  
• Hardiman 2010, p. 518.
• 
  
• Cohen 2010, pp. 13–34.
• 
  
• Müller 2010, p. 182.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, p. 224.
• 
  
• Worthington 2014, p. 186.
• 
  
• Worthington 2014, p. 185.
• 
  
• Worthington 2014, pp. 185–186.
• 
  
• Worthington 2014, pp. 183, 186.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011b, p. 58; Roisman 2010, p. 154; Errington 1990, pp. 223–224.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011b, pp. 58–59; see also Errington 1990, p. 224 for further details.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011b, pp. 59; Sansone 2017, p. 223; Roisman 2010, p. 157.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011b, pp. 59.
• 
  
• Chroust 2016, p. 137.
• 
  
• Rhodes 2010, p. 23.
• 
  
• Rhodes 2010, pp. 23–25; see also Errington 1990, p. 224 for further details.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, pp. 224–225;
  For Marsyas of Pella, see also Hammond & Walbank 2001, p. 27 for further details.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, p. 225.
• 
  
• Badian 1982, p. 34, Anson 2010, p. 16; Sansone 2017, pp. 222–223.
• 
  
• Nawotka 2010, p. 2.
• 
  
• Sawada 2010, p. 403.
• 
  
• Cohen 2010, p. 28.
• 
  
• Dalby 1997, p. 157.
• 
  
• Dalby 1997, pp. 155–156.
• 
  
• Dalby 1997, p. 156.
• 
  
• Dalby 1997, pp. 156–157.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, p. 10; Cohen 2010, p. 28.
• 
  
• Sawada 2010, pp. 392–408.
• 
  
• Sawada 2010, p. 394.
• 
  
• There were Dorian and Euboean colonies, as well as tribal ethne speaking Greek, Illyrian, Thracian, Paeonian, Brygian, etc.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 92.
• 
  
• Christidēs, Arapopoulou & Chritē 2007, Chapter 6: A. Panayotou, "The Position of the Macedonian Dialect", p. 433.
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 96.
• 
  
• Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 161.
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 94.
• 
  
• Jones 2006, pp. 33–34.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, p. 20.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 93.
• 
  
• Voutiras 1998, p. 25.
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 95.
• 
  
• Masson & Dubois 2000, p. 292: "... "Macedonian Language" de l'Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1996, p. 906.
• 
  
• Masson 1996, "Macedonian Language", pp. 905–906.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011a, pp. 43–45.
• 
  
• Worthington 2003, p. 20.
• 
  
• Christidēs, Arapopoulou & Chritē 2007, Chapter 6: A. Panayotou, "The Position of the Macedonian Dialect", pp. 431–433.
• 
  
• Hornblower, Matthews & Fraser 2000, Miltiade Hatzopoulos, ""L'histoire par les noms" in Macedonia", p. 111.
• 
  
• It is difficult to distinguish between words which are truly common between Macedonian and Greek from cognates and loanwords.
• 
  
• Boardman 1982, Chapter 20c: R. A. Crossland, "Linguistic Problems of the Balkan Areya in Late Prehistoric and Early Classical Periods", p. 846.
• 
  
• Woodard 2008b, p. 11.
• 
  
• Boardman 1982, Chapter 20c: R. A. Crossland, "Linguistic Problems of the Balkan Area in Late Prehistoric and Early Classical Periods", pp. 846–847.
• 
  
• Personal names, names of gods and months, and phonological features. Refer to: Christidēs, Arapopoulou & Chritē 2007, Chapter 6: A. Panayotou, "The Position of the Macedonian Dialect", pp. 438–439.
• 
  
• Finkelberg 2005, p. 121.
• 
  
• Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", pp. 163–165.
• 
  
• Hornblower, Matthews & Fraser 2000, Miltiade Hatzopoulos, ""L'histoire par les noms" in Macedonia", p. 115.
• 
  
• Christidēs, Arapopoulou & Chritē 2007, Chapter 6: A. Panayotou, "The Position of the Macedonian Dialect", p. 439.
• 
  
• Specifically, a hybridized language incorporating Brygian, Northwest Greek and Thessalian.
• 
  
• Papazoglou 1977, pp. 65–83.
• 
  
• Woodard 2008a, Chapter 8: Claude Brixhe, "Phrygian", p. 72.
• 
  
• Georgiev 1981, pp. 170, 360.
• 
  
• Garrett 1999, pp. 146–156.
• 
  
• Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", pp. 161–163.
• 
  
• Borza 1999, pp. 42–43.
• 
  
• Barr-Sharrar & Borza 1982, E. Badian, "Greeks and Macedonians", p. 41.
• 
  
• Papazoglou 2000, pp. 771–777.
• 
  
• Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, 3.94
  
  .
• 
  
• Plato. Protagoras, 341c
  
  .
• 
  
• Aeschines. Against Ctesiphon, 3.72
  
  .
• 
  
• Livy. The History of Rome, 45.29.3
  
  .
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 5.
• 
  
• Badian 1982, p. 51, n. 72; Johannes Engels comes to a similar conclusion. See: Engels 2010, p. 82.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, p. 7.
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 85.
• 
  
• Cartledge 2011, Chapter 4: Argos, p. 23..
• 
  
• Herodotus. Histories, 5.22; Engels 2010, pp. 92–93.
• 
  
• Asirvatham 2010, p. 101.
• 
  
• Barr-Sharrar & Borza 1982, E. Badian, "Greeks and Macedonians", p. 34.
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 93.
• 
  
• Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon, φιλέλλην
  
  .
• 
  
• cf. Plato. Republic, 5.470e
  
  ; Xenophon. Agesilaus, 7.4
  
  (in Greek).
• 
  
• Hall 2002, p. 156.
• 
  
• Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 169; Engels 2010, p. 91.
• 
  
• Malkin 1998, p. 140.
• 
  
• Asirvatham 2010, p. 103.
• 
  
• Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 160.
• 
  
• Demosthenes Third Philippic, 9.31
  
  
• 
  
• Hammond 1991.
• 
  
• Barr-Sharrar & Borza 1982, E. Badian, "Greeks and Macedonians", p. 42.
• 
  
• Demosthenes, Against Meidias, Speeches, 21.150
  
  : "And yet, though he has thus become the possessor of privileges to which he has no claim, and has found a fatherland which is reputed to be of all states the most firmly based upon its laws, he seems utterly unable to submit to those laws or abide by them. His true, native barbarism and hatred of religion drive him on by force and betray the fact that he treats his present rights as if they were not his own—as indeed they are not."
• 
  
• Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists, 8.42: "And when he was asked again, according to the account given by Hegesander, which were the greatest barbarians, the Boetians or the Thessalians, he said, 'the Eleans'.".
• 
  
• MacDowell 2009, 13: War and Defeat.
• 
  
• Isocrates. Philippus, 32–34 and 76–77; Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", pp. 159–160.
• 
  
• Isocrates. To Philip, 5.127: "Therefore, since the others are so lacking in spirit, I think it is opportune for you to head the war against the King; and, while it is only natural for the other descendants of Heracles, and for men who are under the bonds of their polities and laws, to cleave fondly to that state in which they happen to dwell, it is your privilege, as one who has been blessed with untrammelled freedom, to consider all Hellas your fatherland, as did the founder of your race, and to be as ready to brave perils for her sake as for the things about which you are personally most concerned."
• 
  
• Demosthenes, Philip's Letter to Athenians, Speeches, 12.6
  
  : "This is the most amazing exploit of all; for, before the king reduced Egypt and Phoenicia, you passed a decree calling on me to make common cause with the rest of the Greeks against him, in case he attempted to interfere with us".
• 
  
• Worthington 2003, Chapter 2: N.G.L. Hammond, "The Language of the Macedonians", p. 20.
• 
  
• Hall 2002, p. 165; Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 169.
• 
  
• Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 169.
• 
  
• Daskalakis 1965, pp. 12–13.
• 
  
• Hall 2002, p. 165.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, p. 15.
• 
  
• Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 170.
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 84.
• 
  
• Herodotus. The Histories, 5.20.4
  
  .
• 
  
• Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 171.
• 
  
• Herodotus. Histories, 1.56.2–3.
• 
  
• Herodotus. Histories, 8.43
  
  .
• 
  
• Hammond & Griffith 1972, pp. 429–430. Hammond states that Pelagonia might have been initially called Argestia.
• 
  
• Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", pp. 171–172.
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 85.
• 
  
• Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, 4.124.1
  
  .
• 
  
• Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, 4.125.1
  
  .
• 
  
• Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, 4.126.3; Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 160.
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 88.
• 
  
• Strabo. Geography, Book 7, Fragment 9
  
  .
• 
  
• Strabo. Geography, 10.2.23
  
  .
• 
  
• Pausanias. Description of Greece, 10.8.2–4
  
  .
• 
  
• Pausanias. Description of Greece, 9.40.8–9
  
  : "The Macedonians say that Caranus, king of Macedonia, overcame in battle Cisseus, a chieftain in a bordering country. For his victory Caranus set up a trophy after the Argive fashion, but it is said to have been upset by a lion from Olympus, which then vanished. Caranus, they assert, realized that it was a mistaken policy to incur the undying hatred of the non-Greeks dwelling around, and so, they say, the rule was adopted that no king of Macedonia, neither Caranus himself nor any of his successors, should set up trophies, if they were ever to gain the good-will of their neighbors. This story is confirmed by the fact that Alexander set up no trophies, neither for his victory over Dareius nor for those he won in India."
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 87; Olbrycht 2010, pp. 343–344.
• 
  
• Isocrates. Philippos, 107–108; Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 169.
• 
  
• Barr-Sharrar & Borza 1982, E. Badian, "Greeks and Macedonians", p. 34.
• 
  
• Aeschines. On the Embassy, 2.32
  
  .
• 
  
• Barr-Sharrar & Borza 1982, E. Badian, "Greeks and Macedonians", p. 43.
• 
  
• Asirvatham 2010, p. 104.
• 
  
• Diodorus Siculus. Historical Library, 17.3.
• 
  
• IG 2 448.58-50, SIG 317.6–19.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011b, pp. 69–70.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011b, pp. 68–69, 73.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, p. 18.
• 
  
• Polybius. Histories, 9.37
  
  .
• 
  
• Polybius. Histories, 9.35
  
  .
• 
  
• Polybius. Histories, 7.9
  
  .
• 
  
• Polybius. Histories, 18.4.8.
• 
  
• Livy. History of Rome, 31.29.15
  
  .
• 
  
• Arrian. Anabasis Alexandri, 1.16.7, 2.7.4, 2.14.4.
• 
  
• Strabo. Geography, 7.7.1.
• 
  
• Plutarch. Moralia: On the Fortune of Alexander, I, 329b
  
  .
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011b, pp. 70–71.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011b, p. 74.
• 
  
• Darius I, DNa inscription, Line 29
  
  
• 
  
• Adams 2010, pp. 343–344
• 
  
• Engels 2010, p. 87.
• 
  
• Kinzl 2010, Robert Rollinger, "The Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond", p. 205.
• 
  
• Worthington 2008.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011b, pp. 69–71.
• 
  
• Hatzopoulos 2011b, pp. 52, 71–72; Johannes Engels comes to a similar conclusion about the comparison between Macedonians and Epirotes, saying that the "Greekness" of the Epirotes, despite them not being considered as refined as southern Greeks, never came into question. Engels suggests this perhaps because the Epirotes did not try to dominate the Greek world as Philip II of Macedon had done. See: Engels 2010, pp. 83–84.
• 
  
• Sakellariou 1983, pp. 52.
• 
  
• Errington 1990, pp. 3–4.
• 
  
• Champion 2004, p. 41.
• 
  
• Danforth 1997, p. 169.
• 
  
• Barr-Sharrar & Borza 1982, E. Badian, "Greeks and Macedonians", p. 47.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 96.
• 
  
• Badian, Wallace & Harris 1996, Peter Green, "The Metamorphosis of the Barbarian: Athenian Panhellenism in a Changing World", p. 24.
• 
  
• Isaac 2004, p. 113.
• 
  
• O'Neil 2003, pp. 510–522.
• 
  
• Sansone 2017, Chapter 11: "The Transformation of the Greek World in the Fourth Century" (Section: "Philip II of Macedon and the Conquest of Greece").
• 
  
• Malkin 2001, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 172.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 306.
• 
  
• Borza 1992, p. 78.
• 
  
• Worthington 2014, Chapter Two: Alexander's Inheritance, p. 10.
• 
  
• Anson 2010, pp. 14–17.
• 
  
• Boardman, John; Griffin, Jasper; Murray, Oswyn, eds. (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World. Oxford University Pres. p. 148.
• 
  
• Polybius, Histories, 9.37.7: "τότε μὲν γὰρ ὑπὲρ ἡγεμονίας καὶ δόξης ἐφιλοτιμεῖσθε πρὸς Ἀχαιοὺς καὶ Μακεδόνας ὁμοφύλους καὶ τὸν τούτων ἡγεμόνα Φίλιππον."
• 
  
• Woodard 2010, pp. 9–10; Johannes Engels also discusses this ambiguity in ancient sources. See: Engels 2010, pp. 83–89.

1. J. King, Carol (28 July 2017). Ancient Macedonia. Routledge. ISBN 9780415827287. Allowing that there were living in ancient Macedonia throughout the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods people who were Greek, people who were akin to Greeks, and people who were not Greek, if one seeks historical truth about an ancient people who have left no definitive record, one may have to let go of the hope for a definitive answer. The ancient Greeks themselves differentiated between “Greeks” and “Macedonians,” and if the difference was not one of written language, then it ought to be constructive to consider what factors did differentiate the Macedonians—in the opinion of ancient Greeks.

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Hey Greko das nützt dir nicht viel, wird nicht akzeptiert. Die lesen nur das was die lesen wollen und sich mit deren Sichtweise deckt, mehr nicht. Eine Predigt von einem Hinterhofhodža hat mehr Gewicht als deine ganze englische Wiki.

 

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HALTS MAUL!