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Musiktherapie

Alphawolf

Spitzen-Poster
Die musiktherapeutische Behandlung hat eine lange Tradition bei den Türken, wo selbst die Osmanen diese Tradition fortführten mit ihrem Einzug in Anatolien. Bei meinem letzten Besuch in Edirne konnte ich ein osmanisches Krankenhaus für Musiktherapie (alttürkisch Darussifa) aus dem 14. Jahrhundert, das während der Regierungszeit von Bayezid II. erbaut wurde besichtigen. Die Makam Therapie aus der osmanischen Tradition, wo man besondere Tonalitäten für besondere Krankheiten oder besondere Krankheitszustände wählt findet auch heute noch Beifall bei vielen in der Türkei.

MUSIC THERAPY AMONG THE TURKS​

( by Assistant Professor Dr. Pinar Somakçi )

1. Introduction

Since antiquity, music has occupied a major place in the life of humanity. People have mostly relied upon music to express their grief, joy, heroism, excitement and love.

Creating a state of trance, music has influenced people and at times directed the masses. Music in particular, with its characteristic ability to concentrate the emotions, has been used by many civilizations as a means of reinforcing religious feelings and healing the sick.

2. Music Among the Turks

Music among the Turks is as old as Turkish history itself. Some historians and musicologists speak of a Turkish musical tradition extending back at least 6,000 years. For this reason we see fit to examine music and musical therapy among the Turks in three different areas, in historical order:

Central Asian Turkic Culture
Islamic Civilization
The Selçuks and Ottomans
2.1 Music in Central Asian Turkic Culture

Central Asian Turkic culture spans nearly 6,000 years.
The çevgan of the Mehter band (1134-249 B.C.) was known in the middle ages as mucuk, buncuk and çagana; as the kziezye Turecki to the Russians and the Poles, to the Swedes as the Turkist klockspel, and to the English as the jingling Johnnie.

Varieties of the dümbelek, düdük, çan, gong and çeng, as well as long-neck bağlama-type instruments were used in the 8th century B.C. Later, instruments such as the halile, zilli maşa and şakşak were used in the sufi lodges. Later still emerged the finger cymbals, mehter cymbals, spoons, and kayrak. Also in the 8th century B.C., a Turkish instrument called the pipa (bipa) was discovered by the Chinese; in the middle ages this emerged as the oud and the various members of its family.

In the area of wind instruments, pipes have been used by the Turks since ancient times. In the beginning of the Middle Ages the muynuz and nefir appeared. The kaval, pişe and ney were also used in this period. The tulum, or bagpipe, is of Middle Eastern origin. The double-reed zurna is quite old. The çıpçığ (a mouth organ) was used between the 8-16th centuries.

Rhythm instruments: The def (12th century), tümrü (14th century) and later instruments known as the mazhar, daire, bendir and zenbez, used at various times with different names. The davul is the Turks’ most common instrument for music, announcements and signaling.

The Huns of Asia greatly loved the çeng; the yatugan of the early period later evolved into the santur and kanun.

The oldest of the Turkish string instruments is the bağlama. In the early period the kopuz was used, followed by the tanbur, the tar family, the şurdugu and ravza (ırızva) in the Middle Ages, and finally the bağlama famıly (bozok, şarkı, karadüzen).

The dividing of an octave into six instead of eight, and thus arriving at five tones in an octave instead of seven is known in the west as “pentatonism,” and in Turkish as beşseslılık (beş - fıve, ses - tone). Pentatonism is observed to have spread from Central Asia to the world, where it continues in many areas. For example pentatonic elements are to be encountered in the villages around Urfa, Erzurum and Safranbolu, as well as in Konya, Cihanbeyli, Niğde and Eskişehir. Kazak-Kirghiz, Idil-Ural, Crimean, Yakut and Karaçay Turkish music contains completely pentatonic pieces, while Uzbeks and the Turks of East Turkistan, the Caucasus, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan have semi-pentatonic pieces.

As Central Asian civilization spread throughout the ancient world, it continued to survive everywhere it settled. This cultural trend, increasing with the heavy migrations of the 9th and 11th centuries, moved steadily westward along the northern and southern routes around the Black Sea and was thus introduced to the tribes of the ancient world. Examples of this can be found in many old travelogues.

2.1.1. Music Therapy in Central Asian Turkic Culture

The kopuz or saz played in the Central Asian period was used as an important instrument in healing, calling of good spirits and banishing of evil spirits. Also in the Altay plateau and to the north, they were used especially by shamans in the healing of the sick and in religious ceremonies. The shaman is a master of the trance which gives the feeling that he has left his body and ascends to the heavens or descends beneath the earth. Playing the davul, he brings spirits under his power and, establishing contact with the dead, demons and fairies, brings healing to the ill.

Later under the influence of Islam, healers known as “Baksı” emerged among the Altay, Kashgar and Kirghiz Turks. During a seance, the baksı would artfully combine music, poetry, mimicry and dance in an attempt to heal the sick. The dance he performed in a complete trance was believed to have especially healing powers.

In Uzbekistan as well, though they were not well known, there were people known as “Kinne Yöyücü,” which healed those struck by the evil eye. These people also used song or dance in their treatments in an attempt to expel demons from a person’s soul. http://www.turkishmusicportal.org/en/articles/music-therapy-among-the-turks

Ich erwische mich selbst öfters zum Kaffee mit sanfter Musiktherapie und fühl mich gleich entspannter. :mrgreen:

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