[edit] E1b1b1a2 (E-V13)
The E-V13 clade is equivalent to the "alpha cluster" of E-M78 reported in
Cruciani et al. (2004), and was first defined by the SNP V13 in
Cruciani et al. (2006). Another SNP is known for this clade, V36, reported in
Cruciani et al. (2007). All known positive tests for V13 are also positive for V36. So E-V13 is currently considered "phylogenetically equivalent" to E-V36.
Haplogroup E-V13 is the only lineage that reaches the highest frequencies out of Africa. In fact, it represents about 85% of the European E-M78 chromosomes with a clinal pattern of frequency distribution from the southern Balkan peninsula (19.6%) to western Europe (2.5%). The same haplogroup is also present at lower frequencies in Anatolia (3.8%), the Near East (2.0%), and the Caucasus (1.8%). In Africa, haplogroup E-V13 is rare, being observed only in northern Africa at a low frequency (0.9%).
—
Cruciani et al. (2007)
Within Europe, E-V13 is especially common in the
Balkans and some parts of Italy. In different studies, particularly high frequencies have been observed in
Kosovar Albanians (45.6%) (
Peričic et al. (2005)), Albanian speakers in the
Republic of Macedonia (34.4% reported in
Battaglia et al. (2008)), and in some parts of Greece (about 35% in some of the areas studied by
King et al. (2008).
[9] More generally, high frequencies have also been found in other areas of
Greece, and amongst
Bulgarians,
Romanians,
Macedonians, and
Serbs[3][7][10][11].
Within
Italy, frequencies tend to be higher in
Southern Italy[1], with particularly high results sometimes seen in particular areas, for example
Santa Ninfa and
Piazza Armerina in
Sicily[12]. High frequencies appear to exist also in some northern areas
[Note 9] for example around
Venice[Note 10],
Genoa[13] and
Rimini[14], as well as on the island of
Corsica, which is to the west of mainland northern Italy
[15]
Phylogenetic analysis strongly suggest that these lineages have spread through Europe, from the Balkans in a "rapid demographic expansion"
[1]. Before then, the SNP mutation, V13 apparently first arose in West Asia around 10 thousand years ago, and although not widespread there, it is for example found in high levels (>10% of the male population) in
Turkish Cypriot and
Druze Arab lineages
[1]. The Druze are considered a genetically isolated community
[16], and are therefore of particular interest. Their STR DNA signature was actually originally classified in the delta cluster in
Cruciani et al. (2004). This means that Druze E-V13 clustered together with most E-V12 and E-V22, and not with European E-V13, which was mostly in the alpha cluster. This can be summarized in a table format...
haplotypedescriptionYCAIIaYCAIIbDYS413aDYS413bDYS19DYS391DYS393DYS439DYS460DYS461A10All E-V13modal192123241310131291013Druze V131192123231310131311912Druze V132192123231310131311913All E-V22modal1922222314101312111012All E-V12*modal192222221310131111913E-V13 is also found in scattered and small amounts in Libya (in the Jewish community) and Egypt, but this is considered most likely to be a result of migration from Europe or the Near East.
[1]
[edit] E-V13 and Ancient Migrations
The apparent movement of E-M78 lineages from the Near East to Europe, and their subsequent rapid expansion, make its E-V13 sub-clade a particularly interesting subject for speculation about ancient human migrations.
The distribution of
V-13 in Europe
[edit] Early Migration from the Middle East to Europe
The
haplogroup J2b (J-M12) has also frequently been discussed in connection with V13, as a haplogroup with a seemingly very similar distribution and pre-history
[2][3][6]. (There is no consensus regarding the circumstances or timing of its evolution.)
Cruciani et al. (2007) says there were at least four major demographic events which have been envisioned for this geographic area:
The distribution and diversity of V13 are often thought to represent the introduction of early farming technologies, during the
Neolithic expansion, into Europe by way of the Balkans
[6]. However, a wider range of possibilities exists,
Battaglia et al. (2008), for example, propose that the E-M78* lineage ancestral to all modern E-V13 men moved rapidly out of a Southern Egyptian homeland, in the wetter conditions of the early
Holocene; arrived in Europe with only
Mesolithic technologies and then only subsequently integrated with Neolithic cultures which arrived later in the Balkans.
E-V13 is in any case often described in
population genetics as one of the components of the
European genetic composition which shows a relatively recent link of populations from the
Middle East, entering Europe and presumably associated with bringing new technologies.
[17][18][19] As such, it is also sometimes remarked that it is a relatively recent genetic movement
out of Africa into
Eurasia, and has been described as "a signal for a separate late-
Pleistocene migration from Africa to Europe over the
Sinai ... which is not manifested in
mtDNA haplogroup distributions"
[20].
After its initial entry in Europe, there was then a dispersal from the Balkans into the rest of Europe. Also for this movement, a wide range of possibilities exists.
Battaglia et al. (2008) suggest that the E-V13 sub-clade of E-M78 originated in situ in Europe, and propose that the first major dispersal of E-V13 from the Balkans may have been in the direction of the
Adriatic Sea with the
Neolithic Impressed Ware culture often referred to as
Impressa or
Cardial. In contrast,
Cruciani et al. (2007) suggest that the movement out of the Balkans may have been more recent than 5300 years ago. The authors suggest that this might have been associated with an
in situ population increase in the Balkans associated with the Balkan
Bronze age, rather than an actual migratory movement of peoples from western Asia. They consider that "the dispersion of the E-V13 and J-M12 haplogroups seems to have mainly followed the river waterways connecting the southern Balkans to north-central Europe".
Peričic et al. (2005) propose the Vardar-Morava-Danube rivers as a possible route of Neolithic dispersal into central Europe.
Bird (2007) proposes a still more recent dispersal out of the Balkans, around the time of the Roman empire.
[edit] Greek Soldiers in Pakistan
Both E-V13 and J-M12 have also been used in studies seeking to find evidence of a remaining Greek presence in
Afghanistan and
Pakistan, going back to the time of Alexander the Great.
An extensive analysis of Y diversity within Greeks and three Pakistani populations – the
Burusho,
Kalash and
Pathan – who claim descent from Greek soldiers allowed us to compare Y lineages within these populations and re-evaluate their suggested Greek origins. This study as a whole seems to exclude a large Greek contribution to any Pakistani population, confirming previous observations. However, it provides strong evidence in support of the Greek origins for a small proportion of Pathans, as demonstrated by the clade E network and the low pairwise genetic distances between these two populations.
—
Firasat et al. (2006)
Significant frequencies of E-V13 have also been observed in towns in
Wales,
England and
Scotland. The old trading town of
Abergele on the northern coast of Wales in particular showed 7 out of 18 local people tested were in this lineage (approximately 40%), as reported in
Weale et al. (2002).
Bird (2007) attributes the overall presence of E-V13 in
Great Britain, especially in areas of high frequency, to settlement during the 1st through 4th centuries CE by
Roman soldiers from the Balkan peninsula. Bird proposes a connection to the modern region encompassing Kosovo, southern Serbia, northern Macedonia and extreme northwestern Bulgaria (a region corresponding to the Roman province of
Moesia Superior), which was identified by
Peričic et al. (2005) as harboring the highest frequency worldwide of this sub-clade
[Note 11].
However, according to data published so far
[Note 12], E-V13 appears to be notably absent in Central England, a fact which Bird (2007) suggests reflects a genuine population replacement of
Romano-British people with
Anglo-Saxons:
The "E3b hole" suggests that either (a) a massive displacement of the native Romano-British population by invasion or, (b) the substantial genetic replacement of Romano-British Y-DNA through an elite dominance ("apartheid") model [
Thomas et al. (2006) ], has occurred in Central England. Regardless of the mechanism, the Central England region of Britain, with its lack of E3b haplotypes, is the area having the most "striking similarity in the distribution of Y-chromosomes" with Friesland.
—
Bird (2007)
Although most E-V13 individuals do not show any known downstream SNP mutations, and are therefore categorized as E1b1b1a2* (E-V13*) there are three recognized sub-clades, all of which may be very small. These are one of two cases where
Karafet et al. (2008) remarked that at the time of that article, it was not certain that the two clades were truly separate ("the positions of these mutations have not been resolved because of a lack of a DNA sample containing the derived state at V27").
villeicht habe ich ja einen fehler gemacht wer recht gut englisch kann der kann es ja richtig stellen und es übersetzen
